The Issue and Challenge of E-commerce in B2C Business Essay

The Issue and Challenge of E-trade in B2C Business - Essay Example The case of B2C can be the selling of the shoes to an end client. However, purchasing those shoes from a retailer or purchasing calfskin for the shoes alludes to B2B. At the point when providers help out a business, or wholesalers offer to retailers †these are altogether the instances of business-to-business movement. We are living in the time of high innovations just as computerization. No big surprise, that around half of the B2C world turnover can be attributed to online business. The term alludes to any business activity that is completed in the Web. It likewise relates to â€Å"any type of business exchange in which the gatherings communicate electronically as opposed to by physical trades or direct physical contact† (Allen, 2001). The method of exchanging on-line isn't as simple as it might appear †it covers numerous guidelines, exercises, laws and inventiveness. To put it another way web based business is a sort of science that will be concentrated so as to be compelling and bring results. Notwithstanding the developing fame of the Internet deals and along these lines of online business, the last has numerous traps and bottlenecks that can prompt the decrease of the customers’ number. This paper expects to examine the difficulties of online business in B2C. It is imperative to examine this issue since 80% of all procedure on-line have a place with the B2C ones. The rest 20% make up the discount, some monetary administrations, and activities at a Stock Exchange. This theme was picked due to its significance these days and on account of its ‘under-research’. It implies that relatively few researchers infiltrated into this issue. The main source for this is the general young people of the Internet and web based business itself. The subsequent explanation is that exchanging on-line, as referenced above isn't viewed as a sort of science in a business world. It is viewed as the best approach to acquire cash, or the best app roach to increase new clients. Considering this theme will enable anybody in future to apply this information on training and complete the productive web based business. It must be underlined that web based business has become a basic piece of B2C, however there are numerous difficulties that are to be considered. Idea of B2C â€Å"Business-to-shopper (B2C, in some cases additionally called Business-to-Customer) portrays exercises of organizations serving end purchasers with items or potentially services† (Baker 2010). Talking about selling through the Internet it is to be referenced that here B2C implies selling products that are purchased by a client for his own utilization. The most brilliant case of online business B2C in the Internet is the website of Amazon. It is the electronic book shop that was established in 1995 and since that time turned into the world primary book retailers. Others instances of B2C on-line can incorporate voyaging administrations, web-cash, genui ne homes administrations and any data that can be utilized by a client. Such destinations as Facebook, Tweeter and others likewise speak to the case of B2C. They don't sell anything besides propose correspondence on-line that is likewise devoured by a client. Web based business has not generally been as powerful as it is presently. In 2000 when the organization Nasdaq, that kept up most of on-line activities fizzled, the vast majority of the internet business firms needed to get rid of their selling on-line. They needed to move to a progressively customary method of completing B2C action. That year a few specialists guaranteed that web based business could never reestablish its notoriety since it imperiled the private data about the customers. Notwithstanding the

Does Stendhal have anything important to tell us about love Essay

Does Stendhal have anything essential to enlighten us regarding love - Essay Example In this paper, the commitment of Stendhal towards adoration as a point and a composing topic will be dissected, making a decision about his works from the eyes of experts and pundits. In his book on adoration, Stendhal endeavored to make a normal examination of human feelings, emotions and perspectives towards one another. To make a total investigation of affection and the manner in which it impacts on various individuals and pioneers, Stendhal broke down four principle sorts of adoration. As indicated by Stendhal, love can be ordered dependent on the individual inclination, sway it has on the individuals and the info that continues it. Enthusiastic love was at first evolved by the Portuguese nuns as indicated by Stendhal and exists between people, families and even social groupings. The bond that unites families and individuals from a given society, strict gathering or even political gathering is related with the energetic fascination that they create through consistent communication. Families, for instance, are resolved to ensure and accommodate their individuals as a method of indicating that their reality goes past a social gathering, however a sign of energet ic love shared (Toker, 2014, p.251). Then again, mannered love has its root in Paris and has been caught in various French journals and stories including those including chamfer and lauzun. Specialists have endeavored to represent the mannered love utilizing various apparatuses including the ruddy shades that have no spot to show cynicism and sick emotions. At all is disagreeable in mannered love will result into a break of the better taste and decorum that has been created from this sort of affection (Foster, 2014, p311). Any person who endeavors to support such sorts of adoration should initially guarantee that the customs and stages included are watched and followed. As per Stendhal, Mannered love results into increasingly extraordinary

Asses the view, that working class children underachieve because they are culturally deprived Essay

White collar class kids have a higher inclination of accomplishing more than students of the average workers. A couple of clarifications focus on the outer factors outside school. This incorporates social hardship †common laborers students are depicted as having an absence of right demeanor, qualities, language and information for instructive achievement. While material hardship implies that common laborers students are well on the way to have less fortunate weight control plans, wellbeing and lodging and their folks are less ready to meet the concealed expenses of tutoring. The white collar class have bit social capital †they have a superior bit of leeway of their decisions inside the marketised training framework. There are three principle perspectives to social hardship. The first is scholarly turn of events; scholars contend that many common laborers homes need things, for example, books, instructive toys and exercises which would assist with invigorating scholarly turn of events. Douglas (1964) found that understudies of the average workers scored lower on a trial of capacity than those of the white collar class. He contended that since average workers guardians are probably going to be less steady of their child’s scholarly improvement this affects them. This could then prompt underachievement as it would mean the youngster is constantly behind. Also, Bernstein (1975) took a gander at the distinction in language between common laborers and white collar class understudies. He recognized that language can be ordered into two kinds of discourse codes. This features the contrasts between both the working and white collar class. The limited code was regularly utilized by those of the common laborers. It comprised of a constrained jargon and depends on utilization of short, regularly incomplete, linguistically straightforward sentences. Their discourse is unsurprising and in some cases comprises of single words and hand signals. The confined code is setting bound so the speaker makes the supposition that the audience has a similar arrangement of encounters. At that point there was the expounded code which is most regularly utilized by those of the white collar class. Jargon is significantly progressively differed and depends on more syntactically complex sentences; discourse is increasingly shifted and conveys theoretical thoughts. It is likewise setting free: so the speaker doesn’t accept that the audience has indistinguishable encounters from them, permitting the utilization of an increasingly unmistakable language. This would prompt under achievementâ because the language utilized in schools and in test papers will in general be in the intricate code as it is viewed as the ‘correct’ method for talking and correspondence, so in this way white collar class individuals are again at a preferred position. At long last, mentalities and qualities, Hyman (1967) contended that qualities and convictions of the lower class show a ‘self-forced barrier’ to instructive and vocation achievement. Hyman sketched out between common laborers and white collar class esteem frameworks Members of the regular workers place a lower an incentive on instruction. They place less accentuation on formal instruction as a way to individual accomplishment, and they see less an incentive in proceeding with school past the base leaving age. Individuals from the regular workers place a lower an incentive on accomplishing higher word related status, In assessing employments, they underscore ‘stability, security and prompt financial benefits’ and will in general reject the dangers and ventures associated with focusing on high-dangers occupations. Employment skylines tend, in this manner, to be constrained to a ‘good trade’. Contrasted with their white collar class partners, individuals from the regular workers accept there is less open door for individual progression. This conviction is likely the reason for the lower esteem set on instruction and high word related status. While Sugarman (1970) likewise contended that common laborers subculture has four key components that make this obstruction to instructive accomplishment: Collectivism includes devotion to the gathering instead of to accentuation on singular accomplishment which the educational system requests. Quick delight stresses the satisfaction in joys existing apart from everything else, instead of penances for potential compensations, Will likewise will in general empower early school-leaving for the more prompt prize of a pay bundle, grown-up status and opportunity from the controls of school. Submission to the inevitable includes an acknowledgment of the circumstance as opposed to endeavors to improve it; it won't empower high accomplishment in the homeroom. Present-time direction may additionally decrease the inspiration for scholastic accomplishment, while an accentuation on long haul objectives and future arranging can urge students to stay longer in full-time instruction by giving a reason to their remain. Social hardship scholars contend that guardians pass on estimations of their group onto their kids. Estimations of white collar class will prepare youngsters for progress, while common laborers esteems neglect to do as such. Anyway Keddie (1973) depicts social hardship as a legend and sees it asâ a casualty accusing clarification. She accepts that having a socially denied foundation can’t be accused as the explanation that specific students bomb in school. She contends that there is no social hardship yet social contrasts; disappointment is because of the inconveniences that are sought after by instruction framework overwhelmed by white collar class esteems. She accepts that schools ought to perceive and expand on qualities, and furthermore challenge teachers’ hostile to common laborers preferences. Under accomplishment can likewise be exposed to material hardship. This can likewise be classed as destitution. It is an absence of essential necessities, for example, satisfactory eating regimen, lodging, attire or the cash to purchase these things. Material hardship hypothesis clarifies regular workers under accomplishment as the consequence of the absence of such assets. In contrast to social hardship scholars, who accuse instructive disappointment for the insufficiency of common laborers subculture, numerous different sociologists consider material to be as the primary driver of under accomplishment. Neediness is firmly connected to instructive under-accomplishment. Albeit outer elements, for example, social hardship, material hardship and social capital can have a significant influence with respect to why there is class contrast concerning accomplishment, there are additionally inside components that can be put to fault. To name somebody is to connect an importance or definition to somebody. Studies show that educators frequently mark students paying little mind to capacity or mentality, by putting together names with respect to sound system composed presumptions about their group foundation, naming common laborers understudies contrarily and regular workers students decidedly. This can confine understudies from accomplishment as it implies instructors will cease from giving students they have marked adversely from getting the help they need, which means they do severely at school. The inevitable outcome is a forecast that works out as expected essentially by goodness of it having been made. Integrationists contend that naming can influence an understudies accomplishment by making an inevitable outcome. At the point when an educator names a student, they make forecasts about their capacities for instance, ‘this kid will do well’ †The kid at that point gets treated in understanding to this forecast, the understudy at that point disguises the teacher’s desires which turns out to be a piece of its mental self view. This causes the kid to turn into the kindâ of understudy the educator saw them to be. (for example in the event that a kid is marked decidedly, the kid will at that point acquire certainty and invest more energy with their work, in this manner driving them to progress). This keeps youngsters from having the capacity to progress admirably, as opposed to striving to permit them to do their best they permit their instructors assessment of them to keep them down. Marketisation is the last interior factor that depicts class contrasts of accomplishment. Schools work on wide training framework, whose arrangements influence class contrasts in accomplishment. Such arrangements incorporate marketisation and choice. Marketisation acquired †a financing equation that gives the school equivalent subsidizing for every understudy, test group tables which rank each school as indicated by its test execution and offer no leniency for the degree of capacity of its students, and rivalry among schools to pull in students. Marketisation clarifies why schools are feeling the squeeze to progress nicely. A few schools react to marketisation by making a customary picture to draw in white collar class guardians †this has re-in constrained class divisions. Schools need to spend more cash on advertising themselves to guardians, regularly to the detriment of spending assets on uncommon requirements or other significant zones. Generally I think obviously social hardship has a tremendous impact concerning underachievement. Students need assistance both at home, and at school, which means they have less possibility at progressing nicely. Inside and outside elements both work nearby each other †putting white collar class understudies at a bit of leeway rather than common laborers students.

Significance Of Sexism Today - Free Essay Example

Sexism is the discrimination or devaluation based on a persons sex or gender, as in restricted job opportunities,especially such discrimination directed against women. Just as race and class have created schisms within our culture, sex, and gender have also been a source of great conflict within the United States. The working environment is the region in which sexism is most usually found. About four-in-ten working women in the United States have faced discrimination based on their gender on the job. Enactment is currently set up in numerous nations that precludes unreasonable treatment of staff on the grounds of their sex. The issue with this enactment is that they are regularly hard to apply. There is a long history of sexism throughout the ancient civilizations of how women are treated as property at home and lacked the equal rights as those of men, in areas including everything from voting to education. The term sexism emerged during second-wave feminism paralleling the term racism, but this was by no means the first time sexism occurred (Berlinsky-Schine). The Declaration of Independence has sexism embedded in it by saying, all men are created equal, with no mention of women. The womens rights movement allowed women to make significant strides in terms of their political, social, and socioeconomic status (Berlinsky-Schine). The idea that the women is subject to the man, was even evident in many of the tv shows from the 1950s. Women had a job in the B.C. times, it was a time to have kids, preferably boys back then to educate and raise them, cook, clean, control the servants, ect. Husbands could beat and rape their wives with little worry of recourse; in 1910, the United States Supreme Court denied wives the right to prosecute their husbands for assault (Campbell). Women believed its legitimate to have a lower status. Numerous individuals think that males have advantages over females when it comes to occupations. Even though this may be accurate, in some cases it is in fact exactly the opposite. On average, women earn less than men having the same occupation. In 2017, female full-time, year- round workers made only 80.5 cents for every dollar earned by men, a gender wage gap of twenty percent (Pay Equity and Discrimination). There have been laws put into place to eliminate unequal pay. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) ECOA guarantees an equal opportunity to obtain credit and prohibits creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of sex, religion, race, ect. (Find Law). Sex discrimination, harassment in tech, and in science is a major reason why women leave the field. Those women who do make it to the upper positions are frequently informed that they were just given that job because they are female, suggesting that the field is conceding less-meriting ladies essentially to expand their numbers. On average women are more likely to work part-time, be employed in low-paid jobs and not take on management positions. Women are not only discriminated against for being pretty or provocative they are also discriminated against for being not pretty enough, too old, or, in some positions (especially sales and public relations) for not being sexy enough (Wolfe). Men usually get more benefits, more time off, and better compensation packages than women. This is based on gender bias and is also illegal and discriminating. There are still many people around the world that think sexism towards women is not an issue. Many believe that that gender equity has been achieved and no longer needs to be addressed. Some women were found to believe in a hierarchical system and believed it was fair to occupy a lower status than male. According to social constructionist theory, men behave in a sexist manner towards women in order to remove them from male-dominated spaces, regardless of social status (Kasumovic, Kuznekoff). Most of these women also feel a greater need for men as their protector and provider. The issue with sexism is that at a youthful age, young men are shaped into acting like men; the moment theyre conceived they cannot demonstrate any feelings or convey what needs be in any sort of way. Its constantly intense love. Doorman gives a prime precedent utilizing his children, he has a child and girl in which he shows that when theres a contention with his child, they talk man-to-man, yet with his little girl its in every case alright for her to let out her feelings. Indeed, even around friends, young men are constrained into doing things that would make them naturally a man. Notwithstanding with regards to sex, men could have numerous sex accomplices, and he would be recognized as a man, however in the event that it was a lady who had different sex accomplices, she would be named as a prostitute, or skank. People do not like when women are angry. This is partially because angry women violate prevalent gender schemas which require women to be kind and nurturing (Salles). Society justifies mens anger as a result of external forces as they are trying to make an attribution to the womens frustration. Sexist behavior is in response to a threat to a males position in a social hierarchy. Women who are peeved and assertive are thought to be less hirable and competent. Rules for men and women are not enforced universally because of shifting standards. There have been many women to question mens superiority in modern times. One of these women was Susan B. Anthony. She was arrested for illegally voting in a presidential election in 1872. Fourteen other women were additionally arrested, yet only Anthonys activity was introduced as evidence. She was charged a $100 fine that she refused to pay, and never did. She also persuaded the University of Rochester to admit women to their college and raised $50,000 in pledges, which was reimbursed back to her. Susan was the first women to appear on a U.S. coin for her outstanding bravery. Anthony was asked if women would be given the right to vote in her lifetime and she replied with, It will come, but I shall not see it It is inevitable. We can no more deny forever the right of self-government to one-half our people but come it will, and I believe within a generation (Anthony). Women were granted the right to vote because of the courage of one women. There is as yet far to go, in any case. In many societies around the globe, men are still bound to hold places of monetary, social, and political power and gain the greatest compensations. One obvious model can be seen at the simple best: of 193 part conditions of the Assembled Countries, only 12 have a female head of government. Any individual who questions the presence of the man centric society has a pile of comparative observational information to contend their way finished. This is not really an ongoing situationand sexual orientation imbalance has been much more awful previously. Be that as it may, with developments like #MeToo and individuals from varying backgrounds communicating disappointment with the present state of affairs, the development for sex correspondence at long last is by all accounts winning the contention. This makes now a decent time to inquire as to why the male centric society exists and for what reason does it continue? There is no lack of clarifications. Most are political, social or financial. Yet, there is additionally a decent arrangement to be picked up from looking at these inquiries from a logical viewpointparticularly the transformative sources of disparity and the brain science of sexual orientation, sex and power. Sexual orientation jobs in Western social orders have been changing quickly as of late, with the progressions made both by developmental changes in the public arena, including monetary movements which have adjusted the manner in which individuals work and without a doubt which individuals function as an ever increasing number of ladies enter the workforce, and by maybe weight conveyed to make changes as a result of the recognition that the conventional social structure was discriminatory. Sex relations are a piece of the socialization procedure, the commencement given the youthful by society, showing them certain qualities and making in them certain standards of conduct worthy to their social jobs. These jobs have been in a condition of transition in American Sexism is by no means close to an end in todays world, but men and women are contributing to make strides against it. Although there is no real cure to sexism, we can still make an effort to help mild it. By just being kind to one another and addressing the situation can really decrease sexism in the United States. It would be helpful if employers were to educate their employees on how to handle sexism in the workplace.

Fear in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe...

Fear in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe used fear to attract his readers into his gothic world. Poe realized that fear intrigues as well as frightens, and sew it as a perfect motif for many of his stories, particularly The Fall of the House of Usher. Poe emphasized the mysterious, desolate, and gloomy surroundings throughout the story to set up the fear that got the reader involved. Then he extended the fear to the characters in order to reveal the importance of facing and overcoming fear. Poe suggested in the story that the denial of fears can lead to madness and insanity. This has clearly shown through the weakening of Roderick Ushers mind and the resulting impact on the narrator of the story.†¦show more content†¦It was the constant presence of fear that had caused his illness. Roderick did not know how, or rather was unwilling to try to overcome his fears. One of Rodericks fears was death. He was from a well-known and honored fami ly, and he and his sister were the last of the long line of Usher descendants. His sister, Madeline, had been fighting a severe and long-continued illness for quite some time, which had added to much of Rodericks gloom. Her decease, would leave him the last of the ancient race of the Ushers. Roderick seemed not only to fear the death of his sister and ultimately of himself, but also the uncertainty of the future. I dread the events of the future, not only in themselves, but in their results. I shudder at the thought of any, even the most trivial incident, which may operate upon this intolerable agitation of soul. The narrator of the story stated that Rodericks fear might have been linked directly to the house. He explained how he is enchanted by certain superstitious impressions in regard to the dwelling which he tenanted, and whence, for many years, he had never ventured forth. Roderick explained his feeling that he was stuck in the house and that horrible things would happ en to him if he left. The narrator implied that Rodericks mental condition might have been relieved if he would leave the house and face his fears. However, because ofShow MoreRelatedThe Depiction of Fear in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe2167 Words   |  9 PagesThe Depiction of Fear in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe As Edgar Allan Poe wrote, The Fall of the House of Usher, he uses characterization, and imagery to depict fear, terror, and darkness on the human mind. Plot: Roderick and his twin sister Madeline are the last of the all time-honored House of Usher. They are both suffering from rather strange illnesses which may be attributed to the intermarriage of the family. Roderick suffers from a morbid acuteness of theRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Fear of Self1286 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar A. Poe s Fear of Self Edgar Allan Poe was a unique man that most people could not understand. Many recognize that he is a talented writer with a very strange and dark style. One of his most well known short stories is The Fall Of The House Of Usher. Many argue the different meanings of this story and how it is symbolic to his life. Poe was a very confused individual who needed to express him self, he accomplished this through the short story of The Fall Of The House Of Usher. ThroughRead MoreAnalysis Of Poe s The Falls Of The House Of Usher 1391 Words   |  6 PagesI studied the writings of Poe in 7th grade. We studied a series of his short stories and what intrigued me about his work, is how dark and somber are his stories. After reading an Edgar Allan Poe literature, it lingers in the back of your mind for days and sometimes longer. I think his stories help me to understand some of my own feelings at that time when I was young. I had lost my grandfather, whom I was so close too and loved very mu ch. When he became ill, I prayed so hard, but he passed awayRead More Edgar Allan Poe Exposed in The Fall Of The House Of Usher Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Exposed in â€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher† Edgar Allan Poe was a unique man that most people could not understand. Many recognize that he is a talented writer with a very strange and dark style. One of his most well known short stories is â€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher.† Many argue the different meanings of this story and how it is symbolic to his life. Poe was a very confused individual who needed to express himself, he accomplished this through the short story of â€Å"The FallRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher:† The Mysterious Family In the story â€Å" The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe, has an American romanticism with its characters. Edgar Allan Poe is considered a Dark Romanticism because of the way he writes his poems and short stories centered around the concept of evil human nature, darkness, and death. Roderick and Madeline Usher were said to be related during the middle of the story; they were twins. It explained how they were sick, Roderick had a mentalRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story â€Å" The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe, has american romanticism with the characters. Edgar Allan Poe is considered a Dark Romanticism because of his poems and short stories centered around the ideas of evil human nature, darkness, and death. Roderick Usher and Madeline were that kind of person in this story; they were twins. There were sick; Roderick had mental disorder and physically and Madeline was physically sick. As the narra tor enters the desolate house, he finds bothRead More Madness and Fear in Assignation, Cask of Admontillado, Fall of the House of Usher, and Masque of th1589 Words   |  7 PagesMadness and Fear in Assignation, Cask of Admontillado, Fall of the House of Usher, and Masque of the Red Death Poe’s madmen are all obsessed with death. Existence within reality eventually becomes impossible. Poe usually places his madmen within a room or other enclosure, but they are rarely ever outside. When we do come across an exterior, nature does its best to repress, confine and enclose the man. The protagonist in Poe’s â€Å"The Assignation† sums up the combination of time and space withinRead MoreThe Fall of the House of Usher1239 Words   |  5 Pages At the moment, all was silent and not even a squeak could be heard. But if a house collapsed in the middle of a forest, and no one was around to hear it, did it make a sound? With such wonders, death, and darkness also come the work of Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe is known as a literature legend. He wrote many complicated horror and detective fiction stories, which also represents the artsy twentieth century (â€Å"Poe† 1316). Many of his works are poems and short stories. As for his life, it startedRead MoreThe Fall of the House of Usher, by Edgar Allan Poe Essay798 Words   |  4 Pagesto control, if it can be controlled at all. In The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe uses imagination as a key tool to make the story come to life. The human imagination is portrayed as a wild and uncontrollable being. This can be shown throughout the story by loss of control of his mental state by Roderick Usher, and by the narrator’s belief that he too is being infected by the house’s tormenting nature. I believe that Edgar Allan Poe personifies the mental concept of the imaginationRead MoreA Critical Analysis of The Fall of the House of Usher Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesof The Fall of the House of Usher There are three significant characters in this story: the narrator, whose name is never given, Roderick and Madeline Usher. The narrator is a boyhood friend of Roderick Usher. He has not seen Roderick since they were children; however, because of an urgent letter that the narrator has received from Roderick which was requesting his assistance in alleviating his malady, the narrator makes the long journey to the House of Usher.

Copyright Laws Should Be Legal - 1745 Words

Over two centuries ago Congress enacted the first copyright law with the intent that it would allow authors and creators of works to be the sole profiters and exclusive rights holders over their work for a specified time. After the specified period of time ended, the works would pass into ownership of the general public. Since the Copyright Act of 1790, copyright laws have continued to evolve and still struggle to keep up with an ever changing, fast paced society. With the use of the World Wide Web and the ease of downloading, copying, and file sharing increasing, copyright holders in the United States and those with vested interested in copyright laws are calling for changes to be made to copyright laws. In more recent years, additional concerns with online copyright laws have arisen, leading some to call for stricter laws, while others are calling for more lenient laws, and questions on the legality of the laws continue to surface. Overtime copyrights have come to hold a significant economic bearing on companies and the Chamber of Commerce estimated copyright infringement and counterfeiting costs copyright holders $135 billion each year, making the issue of copyright law on the forefront of a lot of corporation’s agendas (Callander, S. Hoyt D. 2013). One of the more controversial copyright laws that deals with both foreign and domestic online activity is the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) that was proposed to the House of Representatives in 2011 (Carrier, M. 2013).Show MoreRelatedCopyright And Intellectual Property Are Still Valid1066 Words   |  5 Pagesdisagree that laws relating to copyright and intellectual property are still valid in social media? Copy right is the limited and flexible legal right, given to the creator for a fixed number of years, to print, publish, perform, film. The copyright law of Australia defines the legally enforceable rights of creators of innovative and artistic works under Australian law. The extent of copyright in Australia is defined in the Australian Copyright Act1968, which applies the national law throughout AustraliaRead MoreInternet Copyright Laws1388 Words   |  6 Pages2003 MGT 251 / Extra Credit Internet Copyright Laws A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With the quick internet connection provided on the schools network, the student makes a few clicks and logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded musicRead MoreCopyright Of Copyright Rights Under The Copyright Act 19681416 Words   |  6 PagesBUBSMATE COPYRIGHT POLICY INTRODUCTION Copyright is a legal right formed by law, which allows the creator of an original work with exclusive rights under specific jurisdiction. All materials on this website such as logos, icons, images, texts, graphics and software, belongs to BUBSMATE, and is protected in Australia under the Copyright Act 1968. You are allowed to view, save or print parts of the website for your information. You are not allowed to modify/reproduce/republish any material containedRead MorePiracy, The Intellectual Property Rights Of The Recording Industry Association Of America1285 Words   |  6 Pageswithout paying for it. Piracy, therefore, violates the intellectual property rights of the recording companies, together called Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The intellectual property right being violated at hand is the copyright laws that the RIAA have. The biggest problem that the RIAA has with this violation is that they believe their sales are declining because of piracy. In fact, the sales are declining, but only in the CD area. With the digital downloads becoming availableRead MoreI Advocate For The Alteration Of Copyright Law1700 Words   |  7 Pages Copyright law is broken. I advocate for the alteration of copyright law as it relates to sampled music. My argument is this: Anybody should be allowed to use any samples they want, but must give credit and a portion of the profits made from the work to the sampled musicians. In The Future of Ideas, Lawrence Lessig puts forth a similar proposal to the one I advocate for, in regards to downloading music files instead of sampling. Lessig states, â€Å"Congress should empower file sharing by recognizingRead MoreWhat Are The Legal Implications Of The Sermon Recordings?775 Words   |  4 Pagesof the sermons? Issue #3: What are the legal implications of not stopping the use of the sermons? Will anything happen to the copyright if we fail to stop its infringement? CONCLUSION: Issue #1: The problem with the use of the sermon recordings is that this is a form of direct copyright infringement. Three rights are being violated: reproduction, adaption, and distribution. Issue #2: There are five traditional remedies for the violation of a copyright but all occur in the course of litigationRead More Internet Copyright Laws Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Copyright Laws A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With the quick internet connection provided on the school’s network, the student makes a few clicks and logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded music from the internet is copyrightedRead MoreProtection of Intellectual Property Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesfundamental questions that arise, such as exactly what aspects of a piece of software should be protected under copyright or patent. [5] Despite the fact that applying existing laws to software is not very straight-forward, some sort of legal protection for intellectual property is necessary, as it provides a significant amount of positive outcomes, which will be described further in this paper. We will argue that the legal protection for intellectual property is an ethical obligation from a rule utilitarianRead More Copyrights: Intellectual Property and Technology Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesCopyrights: Intellectual Property and Technology The Government and many other agencies around the world are continuously at work to improve protections for intellectual property rights and the enforcement of intellectual property laws. In today’s age of digital madness, passing legislation and actually enforcing of those laws becomes a very daunting task. However, the protection of intellectual property has both individual and social benefits. It protects the right of the creator of something ofRead MoreCopyright Laws Of The United States1600 Words   |  7 PagesA copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of original works of authorship. â€Å"Copyright law in the United States is based on the Copyright Act of 1976, a federal statute that went into effect on January 1, 1978,† according to FindLaw. FindLaw also states that, â€Å"Individual states cannot enact their own laws to protect the same rights provided by the Copyright Act. Original multimedia works are protected by Copyright.† Literary, dramatic, musical, artistic

Business Research Methodology Service Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Methodology Service Management. Answer: Introduction: The article highlights talks about the increasing use of Social Networking Sites and the changes in Human behaviour. The author argued that the social networking sites are infiltrating the lives of its users and has become an important part of their daily lives. On one hand, these sites have improved the communication method among people and accelerated group formation and increased the scope of influencing others easily. On the other hand, it has created a negative impact on human behaviour as well. In order to support the argument, the author has used Motivation Theory to explain individuals behaviour (Lin and Lu 2011). The author has also pointed out that the substances or services that affect the externalities of the users add more value to their behaviour. Type of research: For the research methodology, the author has used both empirical study and data analysis methods to support his research. For the quantitative approach, the author had targeted the Taiwan Facebook. It has been found that the creator of this platform is Mark Zukerberg, who is the original founder of Facebook. The author has found that there has been a considerable increase of at least 26% worldwide and 1.04% in Taiwan itself, as per the data of 2009. The researcher had also conducted an online questionnaire session with major users of Facebook. There was a mix response from graduates and undergraduates. The result of the research was tested with the help of AVE validity tests. This has helped the researcher to arrive at a better conclusion of the research. The data analysis method used by author was very helpful to derive the result of the research method. The result had been gracefully narrated using various charts and figures supporting it with percentages of response gathered from the collection of data. Motivation: The author of the journal stated that some kind of motivation factor plays an important role in shaping the behaviour of human with respect to the use of Social Media sites. Main motivation of the author can be stated below: To know the number of people using social networking sites To understand the main purpose of the people of using SNS To understand the perceived benefits of SNS To evaluate the reason of people behind the use of SNS In order to support each hypothesis, the author has taken help of empirical research. The author has used several human behaviour theories in order to support his explanation. According to the Technology Acceptance Model, it has been known that using computer technology for the purpose of mere enjoyment has obtain many users to continue with the use of the technology (Lin and Lu 2011). The use of these sites by friends influences others to use the sites and thus, there is a continuous rise of use of the social networking sites. It has also been found that another major reason behind the use of Facebook is the availability of gaming platform. Research question: Social networking sites are not limited to making friends or merely a discussion platform but it has become a platform for commercial activities as well. This factor has also increased the scope of using the social media and has broadly affected the human behaviour. The author has proposed two hypotheses that pointed out: H0: The usefulness of the social media sites will have positive effect on the intention of human to use these sites in future H1: The enjoyment on the social media sites will have positive effect on the intention of human to use these sites in future Controversial results of the research/future course of study: The result of the discussion has highlighted the fact that majority of the respondents had come up with the response that they have been using the social networks for the reason that their friends and peers are also in the same platform. The perceived usefulness of these sites did not hold much importance to them. The ability of knowing more people was the primary intension behind the use of these sites (Couldry 2012). Therefore, it can be easily said that the enjoyment that one gains in the social media platform is the core means of utilizing the social media and not the e-commerce or other business related concepts (Mackey and Gass 2015). However, the limitation faced by the author in completing the research was that the research was limited to the Taiwan Facebook whereas the users of this site are from all over the globe. Conclusions: The research paper was based on the impact of social networking sites but the complete paper was depended only on Facebook. Discussion made on network externalities has pointed out that it depends on the number of uses of the friends or other peers that each individual starts using the social networking sites The author has also opened the gate for future studies. The research can be easily expanded to other researches that might show the impact of cross culture and the other application of Facebook or other social networking sites in future. References: Bolton, R.N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., Komarova Loureiro, Y. and Solnet, D., 2013. Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda.Journal of Service Management,24(3), pp.245-267. Couldry, N., 2012.Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity. Duggan, M., Ellison, N.B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A. and Madden, M., 2015. Social media update 2014.Pew Research Center,9. Lin, K.Y. and Lu, H.P., 2011. Why people use social networking sites: An empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory.Computers in Human Behavior,27(3), pp.1152-1161. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage.

Modern Family Tv Show free essay sample

Holidays are always beautiful events in our life even if we only have it once a year. It’s the time when families enjoy been together. It is a time when we all happy and forget all concerns during the year. It is the time to apologize if we have done something wrong. But the most important is been with the people you love the most. Modern Family is a really fun TV show they have thought something important about the holidays. Since most of them would not at home during Christmas Day they decide to have an express Christmas. Christmas day it is important for people that celebrate this holiday, for others is just another regular day. But, even if people don’t celebrate Christmas they have a holiday that could be the same when they enjoy and gather together with their family. For Modern Family, it was important for them to make this express Christmas because they wanted to have a family reunion and celebrate together. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Family Tv Show or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They all put their effort to accomplish their goal by buying the tree, putting the colorful lights, wrapping the presents and making dinner. Modern Family shows us that if we really want something it must be done if you really desire it. We saw that most of them have complications doing what they have to do. The Christmas tree was crash by two cars, the turkey was trade for a Christmas present, and the angel that goes on the tree fly over the window and broke. They all thought that it was a waste of time in doing the express Christmas. But, one of the members of the family says that even though the plan fell they all are together and it was the most important. It was true, they have their family, love and they are all happy about what they have. For many people Christmas could be a melancholy day where they don’t have any family or they do but they are far away. So, they don’t feel like celebrating since this type of holidays is to be with your family and love ones to celebrate. But, Modern Family, though us that even if something go wrong there is people out there that love you, care and support you. There is always someone out there that is willing to make them happy. Modern Family tries their best to come up with the plan and have their Christmas presents and celebrate it before. But, things didn’t go very well and the fun part was that they enjoy doing it anyways. Because they did it together as a family and that is what family is for to support each other. Holidays are the most precious events for most of us, because is the time to be with the family and also is the time to a new beginning.

Auburn GPA Calculator Essays

Auburn GPA Calculator Essays Auburn GPA Calculator Paper Auburn GPA Calculator Paper Auburn GPA calculator helps to count the average grade of a person trying to pick the higher educational institutions, which will enable them to get an education and built their future career. If you have decided to become a student if Auburn University, you will need to use Auburn University GPA calculator.   The Auburn University is one of the largest universities in the South of the USA. It occupies the place in the rating of 50 best American state universities. The proud of Auburn University is that students graduating from this higher educational institution become scientists and astronauts for NASA. The institution offers a variety of faculties. Here you can study the natural sciences, humanitarian sciences, and politics. Auburn University has developed a unique program that allows students to enter the first year and acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to continue their studies at the American University.   The University provides students with many options for self -expression and self-development. There are about 300 organizations and clubs established. Regular concerts, cultural events, festivals, art and photo exhibitions, sports competitions and much more are held. Traditionally, the university has its own sports team Auburn Tigers. Auburn University GPA calculator GPA calculator Auburn is an app that is usually used by all potential students of the institution. To estimate the chances to become a member of the University, one needs to count all the results and achievements of different subjects and single out the average grade. GPA is a compulsory requirement. The admission committee demands this number from every person having a desire to occupy the place at the University. As is often the case one needs to calculate the number by himself. To make the life of a potential student easier, on the official page of the Auburn University a program was developed that helps to calculate the GPA. Auburn University GPA Calculator is a handy instrument allowing users to plan their future. A user has a chance to evaluate his opportunities. It is possible to compare the â€Å"what if† GPA with the rating of the last year and single out whether there will be a chance to enter the higher educational institution of a dream. It is better to calculate the â€Å"what if† GPA before the entering campaign to be able to change the marks for the better until the end of studies. Cumulative GPA calculator Auburn Cumulative GPA calculator Auburn allows calculating the average point of the students immediately. To receive a result, one needs to enter the official Auburn University page and fill in the necessary fields. Your task is to insert the name, of course, credit hours and â€Å"what if† grades. The program will calculate your GPA within a second, and you will have the result to compare with the previous year numbers and rating. Try to make the calculations when you still have time to change the marks for the better. It concerns students, whose scores are average or lower than average. They have to make an effort and receive A’s and B’s to be able to correspond to the level of knowledge allowing to get the place at the University of their dream. Make sure to consult the admission committee and ask about all the requirements to be able to prepare for entering campaign thoroughly.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Economics - Essay Example To enhance our perception of the situation let us first brush up on the underlying economic concepts. First consider the difference between the economic short run and long run. The short run is defined as that period of time in which at least one input of production is fixed while the long run is defined as the time frame over which all factors of production are variable. A simple way to distinguish would be to consider the shifts in the scale of production. In the short run the scale of production is fixed. A particular scale of production is represented by a short run average cost curve. Again in the long run the scale of production varies. The Long run average cost curve is an envelope of the infinite number of short run average cost curves. However it is critical to note that the Long run average cost curve by no means an envelope of the minimum points of the short run average cost curves. The individual short run optimums are the minimum points of the short run average cost curv es but in the long run the optima vary as the scale of production itself is now variable. The Long run average cost curve is U shaped under traditional assumptions. The falling part is explained by reduction in per unit cost with all factors variable due to efficiency gains of expanding the scale. These are known as scale economies1. Again the upward rising portion is explained by per unit long run cost rises due to decline in efficiency and is known as diseconomies of scale2. Let us now consider the situation of Engines R Us. In the given situation it produces at the minimum efficient scale of production. The minimum efficient scale of production refers to the minimum amount a firm can produce that minimises its long run average costs (Varian, 1990). For a continuous and U shaped long run average cost curve, the minimum efficient scale of production is the output level that corresponds to its minimum

Nixon and the Fabled Silent Majority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nixon and the Fabled Silent Majority - Essay Example Mason argues that Nixon, "[...] owed his election to the votes of a minority rallied in opposition to the mistakes of the Democrats rather than in support of his promise" (37). The myth of the silent majority would pervade history and haunt Nixon in the coming years of his presidency. The search for a majority would permeate the White House debate during the Nixon presidency. Patrick Buchanan, a conservative Nixon speechwriter, "[...] had a burning interest in the identification of a new majority and regularly wrote political analyses for Nixon with speculation about how to win this electoral goal" (Mason 39). However, Nixon rarely ventured outside his small group of inner circle advisors for political advice and most of his ideas were generated by a relatively small number of close aides (Mason 40). Nixon was also politically isolated by the reality of both houses of Congress being in the hands of the opposition. He attempted to reduce the tension between the houses of Congress and his administration by appointing Bryce Harlow as congressional-relations chief. Though this seemed to demonstrate Nixon's desire to develop a closer relationship with a broader base, it was met with some hostility from the Democrats. Nixon would blame the obstructionist Democrats for the administration's failures but Mason observes that "[...] the failure was more significantly linked with Nixon's personal shortcomings" (40). Nixon had included few experienced political people in his administration and most Congressmen dismissed his aides as newly arrived novices. Nixon's career had likewise been short of national legislation experience. Mason argues that "Especially at a time of divided government, these shortcomings had very significant implications" (40). Nixon had neither a majority nor a mechani sm to gain one. Rather than cultivating majority support in Congress or the public, Nixon became self-obsessed with his own image. He discounted the importance of the legislature and believed, as he used to say, "The President is the government" (qtd. in Mason 41). This would further alienate even Republican members of Congress. Rather than having a silent majority, he was creating a non-existent myth of support that did not exist. New Yorker writer Pete Hamill noticed the first rumblings of a 'silent majority' in 1969. He wrote, "The working-class white man, is actually in revolt against taxes, joyless work, the double standards and short memories of professional politicians, hypocrisy and what he considers the debasement of the American dream" (qtd. in Mason 46). These feelings resonated racist attitudes among those that felt they were too wealthy for welfare and too poor to be mainstream America. This group of white, working, poor would become the base of George Wallace's campaign. Nixon attempted to captivate this audience as his own by sending a softer message that speechwriter Tom Huston called, "[...] a rhetoric which communicates concern for the legitimate claims of this class, yet avoids any incitement to the baser instincts of man afraid" (qtd. in Mason 47). There may have been a substantial silent Republican constituency, but it was not Nixon's and it was not a majority. Nixon's tactic of using racial divide to generate electoral popularity has been called "disturbing" (Mason 49). His other efforts at capturing the electorate that spread to the issues of law and

Porter Five Analysis of the European Airline Industry Essay Example for Free

Porter Five Analysis of the European Airline Industry Essay While the business model existed for some time (first such in 1973 US), the appearance of these in the European market needed the liberalization brought forth by the EU, implementing the „Freedoms of the air† in three stages. In 1997 the first LCC (Low Cost Carrier), the Ryanair began its operation, and in a few years a few more followed, which gave the national and network airlines a new problem to the existing economic problem, shrinking market and others such as 9/11. By today the changes in the past two decades have shifted and diversified the industry, which was once a mature and to some level declining in structure. The new regulations, companies, investors and consumers have brought new life, the industry once again mature with fragmented characteristics. The ideal tool for the assessment of the airlines industry is Michael Porter’s five force model. It aims to find and demonstrate the forces in the microenvironment which influence the industry, internal and external as well. Threat of new entrants (barriers to entry) †¢High capital investment ? †¢Capital intensive ? †¢Airport slot availability ? †¢Predatory pricing ? †¢Brand loyalty/frequent flyer ? †¢Economies of scale ? Limited number of routes ^ The threat of new entrants, due to the barriers mostly set by the nature of the industry and by the existing companies, are very low. Yet sometimes when the possibility arises, new companies start: in the past few years many national companies went bankrupt leaving a market to take by the existing companies or new upstarts. Bargaining power of suppliers †¢Ai rcraft manufacturers †¢Relatively low number of suppliers ^ †¢Suppliers are concentrated ^ †¢Airlines are valued customers ? †¢Airports †¢Slot availability ^ †¢Alternatives to the primary airports ? The bargaining power of suppliers is mostly two-legged, and both have a medium threat. For both parties it is best to find a mutually working solution on a long term, because it is a industry with relatively small number of players loosing even one can have an impact on both sides. Threat of substitutes †¢Alternative transport (bus, car, train) ^ †¢Videoconferencing ^ †¢Global environmental awareness ^ The threat of substitutes includes a broad variety for the different needs. All-in-all it still only gives a medium threat, since the quick transport to a distance has no alternative. Bargaining power of customers †¢Price ? †¢Internet/social media ^ †¢Customer orientation ? †¢Choice ^ With the first LCCs the customers had no bargaining power: if you choose to go with this low price, accept the services as it is. However, nowadays with more alternatives and the ever-reaching internet and social media a bad customer satisfaction can be a disaster. This can however be mitigated with customer orientation, but still customer had the choice, it is a medium high level. Rivalry within the industry †¢Between LCC and national/network airlines ^ †¢Between LCCs ^ The rivalry within the industry is high due to the high number of big and medium sized companies. The airlines industry is highly competitive, with very high barriers and medium to high threats within. While there is a relatively low threat from a new market entree, the existing international competition is fighting over all the resources: more and better airports possibly with mutually excluding contracts, picking up the customers fed up with their previous carrier or starting a price war on a selected destination, binding the newly aquired flyers with brand loyalty programmes. Unless there is an opportunity, it is not an attractive industry to enter due to the high number of barriers. However, once established a foot, it is a very interesting and very intensive industry with good possibilities. The major LCCs depending on how low cost they are making good profit and there is still room for growth. The key factors for success should include: †¢Efficiently utilizing the resources (financial, time, human resources) †¢Utilizing a network of business partners (complementary) †¢Timely expansion (trying new destinations, increasing frequency) †¢Customer orientation (with following trends eg. ocial media) These above should be observed by both LCCs and traditional airlines. The industry standards are given, those companies will become successful which can effectively utilize them.

The 8220Second8221 World War :: Essays Papers

The 8220Second8221 World War In the book The Battle for History, John Keegan, talks of the many different views on World War II. He takes into account other historical works such as Robert M. Kennedy’s The German Campaign in Poland, Christopher Duffy’s Red Storm on the Reich, The Struggle for Europe by Chester Wilmot and many others. He has already analyzed these other works. He has summarized the authors’ major points and used them to support his own theory, although Keegan’s theory about the written history of the war is quite unclear. The only theory that I could derive, is that â€Å"[it] has not yet been written.† (30) What does he mean by this? The works cited in the back of the book number over one hundred fifty. Numerous references are made to the works of other authors. Keegan does not seem to tell anything from his perspective, but state what he has read. All good and well considering this is history, but are the past events so clearly set in stone? Keegan seems to bring up questions throughout the book such as: did Roosevelt know of the attack on Pearl Harbor before it happened? â€Å"There have also been explorations of the allegation that Roosevelt had foreknowledge but chose not to act on it, as a means of bringing the United States into the Second World War on the anti-Axis side.† (17) Keegan does not do much to answer these questions, simply brings them into the picture. The book gives no feel of ending or resolution to most of the questions he brings about. Maybe this was his purpose. Topics in the book up from one place to another. In one paragraph Keegan may be discussing the use of the Enigma, a commercial cipher machine; in the next Keegan might begin discussing the use of U-boats. Although there is some logical flow through the book, for the most part the subjects are jumpy, causing the work to be choppy and cluttered babbling. It seems like the author is trying to squeeze as much as he can into as few pages as possible. Keegan does, however, give a good overview of the major events and inside action that went on during this significant period in world history. He speaks of rebellions, strategic bombing, spies and other elements that played a part in the downfall of the Third Reich.

Human sexuality Essay

She was barely eight years old when together with seven of her age mates ,she was handed over to a traditional circumciser who took them through the painful process of FGM. it has been many years since ,and she has accomplished so much in life, but the incident remains fresh in her mind. The old woman who took them through the process was going blind, she says, and three of the eight who underwent the procedure died due to excessive bleeding. One of them was her very close friend. Luckily for her, the bleeding was not too much and she had a savior at hand. Her father, who was a policeman, took her to a hospital in Garissa using a police land rover. This was the traumatizing experience that nominated Member of Parliament, Sophia Abdi Noor went through when her mother blessed her to undergo the rite of passage that would cleanse her and make her acceptable for marriage according to tradition. Never before in history of the august house had a member used her own life experience to move debate as Ms.  Sophia did when supporting the bill to outlaw female genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation is the term used for operations or removal of all or just part of the external parts of female genitilia. This practice has for a long time come under increasingly intense international scrutiny from the news media, feminist and human rights organizations. The main reasons for continuation of FGM are firstly, as a rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood; a circumcised woman is considered mature, obedient and aware of her role in the family and society. Secondly, FGM is perpetuated as a means of reducing sexual desire of girls and women, thereby curbing sexual activity before and ensuring fidelity within marriage. Although opposition to female ‘circumcision’ has been articulated throughout the twentieth century, starting with missionaries and colonial administrators, the current resurgence of indignation was ignited in part by activists at conferences honoring the United Nations Decade for women(1975-1985). (Shell-Duncan. B,Hernland-Y;pg 23) The practice of circumcising women has very deep roots that touch all aspects of the cultures that continue to inflict it upon their girls. However,it still remains to be a practice that violates the human rights of affected women in a moral and ethical sense because it generates psychological torture, low self-esteem, tampers with a woman’s sexuality and is a health hazard. Psychological torture The pain inflicted by F. G. M does not stop with the initial procedure, but often continues as an ongoing torture throughout a woman’s life. Intense pain and hemorrhage experienced during the procedure can lead to shock. A 1985 Kenyan study found that nearly 97% of the 269 women interviewed experienced intense pain during and after F. G.  M and more than 13% went into shock. According to WHO, It is self-evident that any form of surgical interference in the highly sensitive genital organs constitutes a serious threat to the woman, and that the painful operation is a source of major physical as well as psychological trauma. The extent and nature of the immediate and long-term mental disturbances will depend on the girl’s inner defences, the prevailing psychological environment, and a host of other factors. The family no doubt does its best to mitigate the painful effects of the operation; nonetheless, they necessarily undergo overwhelming experiences. Even before the operation, the threat of ‘cutting’ and fear provoking situation may disturb the mental state of the child to the degree that it causes worry, anxiety, sleeplessness, nightmares or panic. As anticipating precautions against these anxieties the family commonly uses various forms of traditional magi co-religious practice such as fumigation, or the wearing of amulets. On a religious perspective, the scripture prescribes that special efforts be made to care for those who are most vulnerable. (Deut 10:17-19,Ps 82:3,4; Ps24:11,12;Luke 1:52-54) Jesus taught that children should be loved and protected. Therefore,the genital mutilation of young girls violates the biblical mandate to safeguard children and protect them from harm and abuse Tampers with a woman’s sexuality. Sexual intercourse can only take place after opening the infibulation, through surgery or penetrative sexual intercourse. Consequently, intercourse is frequently painful during the first weeks after initiation. Although it is difficult to verify reports or women’s sexual experiences, physical complications from FGM often impede sexual enjoyment. FGM destroys much or all of the vulva nerve endings, delaying arousal or impairing orgasm. Lacerations loss of skin elasticity, or development of neuron (a tumor or mass growing from a nerve) can lead to painful intercourse. In a 1993 Kenyan study, 5% of women interviewed experienced painful intercourse while 9. 3% of them reported having difficult or impossible penetration, and that many of the married ones only accepted it only as a duty. Scripture celebrates the divinely ordained gift of sexual intimacy within marriage (Eccl9. 9;Prov 5:18,19). The practice of female genital mutilation should be renounced because it threatens the creator’s design for the experience of joyful sexuality by married couples. For married couples, the gift of sexual union may be further blessed by the birth of children (Prov 31:28). The fact that successful childbirth is threatened by FGM is additional grounds for opposition to this practice. Health hazard. In October 1994, as a response to the call to Global Action,UNICEF issued an executive directive declaring that FGM is a health hazard to children and violation of their human rights. FGM in any form should not be practiced by health professionals in any setting including hospitals or other health establishments. Unnecessary oddly mutilation cannot be condoned by health providers. FGM is harmful to the health of women and girls and violates their basic human rights and medicalization of the procedure does not eliminate this harm. On the contrary, it reinforces the continuation of the practice by seeming to legitimize it. Health practitioners should provide all necessary care and counseling for complications that may arise as a result. Group circumcision, where the same unsterilized instrument is used on several girls at a time, repeat cutting and stitching increases risk of HIV infection. The Bible presents the goodness of God’s creation, including the creation of human beings (Gen 1:31; Ps 139:13, 14). God is the source and sustainer of human life (Job 33:4; john 1:3, 4). He calls for preservation of human life and holds humanity accountable for its destruction(Gen 9:5,6;Ex20:13,Jer 7:3-34). The human body is the â€Å"the temple of the Holy Spirit,† and followers of God are urged to care for and preserve their bodies, including the Creator’s gift of sexuality, as a spiritual responsibility (1cor6:15-19). Because FGM is harmful to health, threatening to life, and injurious to sexual function, it is incompatible with the will of God. Having discussed the side effects that FGM pauses to victims, various communities have come up with measures to fight this procedure, an alternative rite of passage in the abandonment of FGM is used. It involves a four-step procedure Preparation Seminars for both parents and initiates are encouraged. The topics will include side effects of female circumcision, and get prepared to attend a residential seminar to elaborate on what the alternative procedure entails. Actual Circumcision In the alternative Rite of passage, actual circumcision should be stopped since we have learnt that it is not necessary to make a woman an adult nor mature. The side effects of F. C both short and long terms are to be avoided if actual circumcision is not performed. Parents can select a teacher and trainer, for their daughter who will accompany her to the residential centre for an alternative rite of passage seminar. Seclusion. For this the girls will attend a residential seminar for one week away from home. The initiate will be accompanied with their teacher and trainer. Women both circumcised and un circumcised from the community will facilitate during the seminar. Additional topics-AIDS, STI’s, simple hygiene and great women in the Bible, in community and in Kenya. Rites and rituals will be optional. Girls of circumcision age are between six and twelve years old. For the purpose of effective learning, the girls will be divided into two groups; girls between six and nine, ten and twelve. Graduation Graduation is expected to be brief and colourful. Songs, drama, plays and poems will be encouraged. Parents, community leaders, politicians and government officials will be invited to attend to witness the graduation of whole girls. Certificates of graduation will be awarded and prayers, blessings conducted. Exchange of gifts for newly graduated girls will be carried out and finally the graduates will be handed over to the community,chief,church elders and clan elders. Since it’s an annual event, committees are to b e established to plan for the following year.

Biography of Manfred von Richthofen, The Red Baron

Baron Manfred von Richthofen (May 2, 1892–April 21, 1918), also known as the Red Baron, was only involved in World War Is air war for 18 months—but seated in his blazing red Fokker DR-1 tri-plane he shot down 80 planes in that time, an extraordinary feat considering that most fighter pilots achieved a handful of victories before being shot down themselves. Fast Facts: Manfred Albrecht von Richthofen (the Red Baron) Known For:  Winning the Blue Max for downing 80 enemy planes in World War IBorn: May 2, 1892 in Kleinburg, Lower Silesia (Poland)Parents: Major Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen and Kunigunde von Schickfuss und NeudorffDied: April 21, 1918 in Somme Valley, FranceEducation: Wahlstatt Cadet School in Berlin, Senior Cadet Academy at Lichterfelde, Berlin War AcademySpouse: NoneChildren: None Early Life Manfred Albrecht von Richthofen was born on May 2, 1892, in Kleiburg near Breslau of Lower Silesia (now Poland), the second child and the first son of Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen and Kunigunde von Schickfuss und Neudorff. (Freiherr is equivalent to Baron in English). Manfred had one sister (Ilsa) and two younger brothers (Lothar and Karl Bolko). In 1896, the family moved to a villa in the nearby town of Schweidnitz, where Manfred learned the passion of the hunt from his big-game-hunter uncle Alexander. But Manfred followed in his fathers footsteps to become a career military officer. At age 11, Manfred entered the Wahlstatt cadet school in Berlin. Though he disliked the schools rigid discipline and received poor grades, Manfred excelled at athletics and gymnastics. After six years at Wahlstatt, Manfred graduated to the Senior Cadet Academy at Lichterfelde, which he found more to his liking. After completing a course at the Berlin War Academy, Manfred joined the cavalry. In 1912, Manfred was commissioned as a lieutenant and stationed in Militsch (now Milicz, Poland). In the summer of 1914, World War I began. To the Air When the war began, 22-year-old Manfred von Richthofen was stationed along Germanys eastern border but he was soon transferred to the west. During the charge into Belgium and France, Manfreds cavalry regiment was attached to the infantry for whom Manfred conducted reconnaissance patrols. However, when Germanys advance was halted outside of Paris and both sides dug in, the need for cavalry was eliminated. A man sitting on horseback had no place in the trenches. Manfred was transferred to the Signal Corps, where he laid telephone wire and delivered dispatches. Frustrated with life near the trenches, Richthofen looked up. Though he didnt know which planes fought for Germany and which ones fought for their enemies, he knew that airplanes—and not the cavalry—now flew the reconnaissance missions. Yet becoming a pilot took months of training, probably longer than the war would last. So instead of flight school, Richthofen requested to be transferred to the Air Service to become an observer. In May 1915, Richthofen traveled to Cologne for the observer training program at the No. 7 Air Replacement Station. Richthofen Gets Airborne During his first flight as an observer, Richthofen found the experience terrifying and lost the sense of his location and was unable to give the pilot directions. But Richthofen continued to study and learn. He was taught how to read a map, drop bombs, locate enemy troops, and draw pictures while still in the air. Richthofen passed observer training and was then sent to the eastern front to report enemy troop movements. After several months of flying as an observer in the East, Manfred was told to report to the Mail Pigeon Detachment, the code name for a new, secret unit that was to bomb England. Richthofen was in his first air fight on Sept. 1, 1915. He went up with pilot Lieutenant Georg Zeumer, and for the first time he spotted an enemy aircraft in the air. Richthofen had only a rifle with him and though he tried several times to hit the other plane, he failed to bring it down. A few days later, Richthofen went up again, this time with pilot Lieutenant Osteroth. Armed with a machine gun, Richthofen fired at the enemy plane. The gun became jammed, but when Richthofen unjammed the gun, he fired again. The plane started to spiral and eventually crashed. Richthofen was elated. However, when he went back to headquarters to report his victory, he was informed that kills in enemy lines did not count. Meeting His Hero On Oct. 1, 1915, Richthofen was on board a train heading for Metz when he met the famous fighter pilot Lieutenant Oswald Boelcke (1891–1916). Frustrated at his own failed attempts to shoot down another plane, Richthofen asked Boelcke, Tell me honestly, how do you really do it? Boelcke laughed and then replied, Good heavens, it indeed is quite simple. I fly in as close as I can, take good aim, shoot, and then he falls down. Though Boelcke hadnt given Richthofen the answer he had hoped for, a seed of an idea was planted. Richthofen realized that the new, single-seated Fokker fighter (Eindecker)—the one that Boelcke flew—was much easier to shoot from. However, he would need to be a pilot to ride and shoot from one of those. Richthofen then decided he would learn to work the stick himself. Richthofens First Solo Flight Richthofen asked his friend Georg Zeumer (1890–1917) to teach him to fly. After many lessons, Zeumer decided Richthofen was ready for his first solo flight on Oct. 10, 1915. Suddenly it was no longer an anxious feeling, Richthofen wrote, but, rather, one of daring...I was no longer frightened. After much determination and perseverance, Richthofen passed all three of the fighter pilot examinations, and he was awarded his pilots certificate on Dec. 25, 1915. Richthofen spent the next several weeks with the 2nd Fighting Squadron near Verdun. Though Richthofen saw several enemy planes and even shot one down, he wasnt credited with any kills because the plane went down in enemy territory with no witnesses. The 2nd Fighting Squadron was then sent to the East to drop bombs on the Russian front. Collecting Two-Inch Silver Trophies On a return trip from Turkey in August 1916,  Oswald Boelcke  stopped to visit with his brother Wilhelm, Richthofens commander, and scout for pilots that had talent. After discussing the search with his brother, Boelcke invited Richthofen and one other pilot to join his new group called Jagdstaffel 2 (hunting squadron, and often abbreviated Jasta) in Lagnicourt, France. On Combat Patrol   On Sept. 17, it was Richthofens first chance to fly a combat patrol in a squadron led by Boelcke. Richthofen battled with an English plane he described as a big, dark-colored barge, and eventually shot down the plane. The enemy airplane landed in German territory and Richthofen, extremely excited about his first kill, landed his airplane next to the wreck. The observer, Lieutenant T. Rees, was already dead and the pilot, L. B. F. Morris, died on the way to the hospital. It was Richthofens first credited victory. It had become customary to present engraved beer mugs to pilots after their first kill. This gave Richthofen an idea. To celebrate each of his victories, he would order himself a two-inch-high silver trophy from a jeweler in Berlin. On his first cup was engraved, 1 VICKERS 2 17.9.16. The  first number  reflected what number kill; the word represented what kind of airplane; the third item represented the number of crew on board; and the fourth was the date of the victory (day, month, year). Trophy Collecting Later, Richthofen decided to make every 10th victory cup twice as large as the others. As with many pilots, to remember his kills, Richthofen became an avid souvenir collector. After shooting down an enemy aircraft, Richthofen would land near it or drive to find the wreckage after the battle and take something from the plane. His souvenirs included a machine gun, bits of the propeller, even an engine. But most often, Richthofen removed the fabric serial numbers from the aircraft, carefully packed them up, and sent them home. In the beginning, each new kill held a thrill. Later in the war, however, Richthofens number of kills had a sobering effect on him. In addition, when he went to order his 61st silver trophy, the jeweler in Berlin informed him that because of the scarcity of metal, he would have to make it out of ersatz (substitute) metal. Richthofen decided to end his trophy collecting. His last trophy was for his 60th victory. The Death of a Mentor On Oct. 28, 1916, Boelcke, Richthofens mentor, was damaged during an air fight when he and Lieutenant Erwin Bà ¶hmes plane accidentally grazed each other. Though it was only a touch, Boelckes plane was damaged. While his plane was rushing toward the ground, Boelcke tried to keep control. Then one of his wings snapped off. Boelcke was killed on impact. Boelcke had been Germanys hero and his loss saddened them: a new hero was required. Richthofen wasnt there yet, but he continued to make kills, making his seventh and eighth kills in early November. After his ninth kill, Richthofen expected to receive Germanys highest award for bravery, the Pour le Mà ©rite (also known as the Blue Max). Unfortunately, the criteria had recently changed, and instead of nine downed enemy aircraft, a fighter pilot would receive the honor after 16 victories. Richthofens continued kills were drawing attention but he was still among several who had comparable kill records. To distinguish himself, he decided to paint his plane bright red. Ever since Boelcke had painted the nose of his plane red, the color had been associated with his squadron. However, no one had yet been so ostentatious as to paint their entire plane such a bright color. The Color Red One day, for no particular reason, I got the idea to paint my crate glaring red. After that, absolutely everyone knew my red bird. If fact, even my opponents were not completely unaware. Richthofen understated the colors effect on his enemies. To many English and French pilots, the bright red plane seemed to make a good target. It was rumored that the British had put a price on the head of the red planes pilot. Yet when the plane and pilot continued to shoot down airplanes and continued itself to stay in the air, the bright red plane caused respect and fear. The enemy created nicknames for Richthofen:  Le Petit Rouge, the Red Devil, the Red Falcon,  Le Diable Rouge, the Jolly Red Baron, the Bloody Baron, and the Red Baron. The Germans simply called him  der rà ¶te Kampfflieger  (The Red Battle Flier). After achieving 16 victories, Richthofen was awarded the coveted Blue Max on Jan. 12, 1917. Two days later, Richthofen was given command of  Jagdstaffel 11. Now he was not only to fly and fight but to train others to do so. Jagdstaffel 11 April 1917 was Bloody April. After several months of rain and cold, the weather changed and pilots from both sides again went up into the air. The Germans had the advantage in both location and aircraft; the British had the disadvantage and lost four times as many men and aircraft—245 planes compared to Germanys 66. Richthofen himself shot down 21 enemy aircraft bringing his total up to 52. He had finally broken Boelckes record (40 victories), making Richthofen the new ace of aces. Richthofen was now a hero. Postcards were printed with his image and stories of his prowess abounded. To protect the German hero, Richthofen was ordered a few weeks of rest. Leaving his brother Lothar in charge of  Jasta 11  (Lothar had also proven himself a great fighter pilot), Richthofen left May 1, 1917, to visit Kaiser Wilhelm II. He talked to many of the top generals, spoke to youth groups, and socialized with others. Though he was a hero and received a heros welcome, Richthofen just wanted to spend time at home. On May 19, 1917, he was again home. During this time off, the war planners and propagandists had asked Richthofen to write his memoirs, later published as  Der rote Kampfflieger  (The Red Battle-Flyer). By mid-June, Richthofen was back with  Jasta 11. The structure of the air squadrons soon changed. On June 24, 1917, it was announced that Jastas 4, 6, 10, and 11 were to join together into a large formation called  Jagdgeschwader I  (Fighter Wing 1) and Richthofen was to be the commander. J.G. 1 came to be known as The Flying Circus. Richthofen Is Shot Things were going magnificently for Richthofen until a serious accident in early July. While attacking several pusher planes, Richthofen was shot. Suddenly there was a blow to my head! I was hit! For a moment I was completely paralyzed...My hands dropped to the side, my legs dangled inside the fuselage. The worst part was that the blow on the head had affected my optic nerve and I was completely blinded. The machine dived down. Richthofen regained part of his eyesight around 2,600 feet (800 meters). Though he was able to land his plane, Richthofen had a bullet wound in the head. The wound kept Richthofen away from the front until mid-August and left him with frequent and severe headaches. Last Flight As the war progressed, Germanys fate looked bleaker. Richthofen, who had been an energetic fighter pilot early in the war, became increasingly distressed about death and battle. By April 1918 and nearing his 80th victory, he still had headaches from his wound that bothered him greatly. Grown sullen and slightly depressed, Richthofen still refused his superiors requests to retire. On April 21, 1918, the day after he had shot down his 80th enemy aircraft, Richthofen climbed into his bright red airplane. Around 10:30 a.m., there had been a telephoned report that several British aircraft were near the front and Richthofen was taking a  group  up to confront them. The Germans spotted the British planes and a battle ensued. Richthofen noticed a single airplane bolt out of the melee. Richthofen followed him. Inside the British plane sat Canadian Second Lieutenant Wilfred (Wop) May (1896–1952). This was Mays first combat flight and his superior and old friend, Canadian Captain Arthur Roy Brown (1893–1944) ordered him to watch but not participate in the fight. May had followed orders for a little while but then joined in the ruckus. After his guns jammed, May tried to make a dash home. To Richthofen, May looked like an easy kill, so he followed him. Captain Brown noticed a bright red plane follow his friend May; Brown decided to break away from the battle and try to help. May had by now noticed he was being followed and grew frightened. He was flying over his own territory but couldnt shake the German fighter. May flew close to the ground, skimming over the trees, then over the Morlancourt Ridge. Richthofen anticipated the move and swung around to cut May off. Death of the Red Baron Brown had now caught up and started firing at Richthofen. And as they passed over the ridge, numerous Australian ground troops fired up at the German plane. Richthofen was hit. Everyone watched as the bright red plane crashed. Once the soldiers who first reached the downed plane realized who its pilot was, they ravaged the plane, taking pieces as souvenirs. Not much was left when others came to determine exactly what happened to the plane and its famous pilot. It was determined that a single bullet had entered through the right side of Richthofens back and exited about two inches higher from his left chest. The bullet killed him instantly. He was 25 years old. There is still a controversy over who was responsible for bringing down the great  Red Baron. Was it Captain Brown or was it one of the Australian ground troops? The question may never be fully answered. Sources Burrows, William E.  Richthofen:  A True History of the Red Baron.  New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., 1969.Kilduff, Peter.  Richthofen:  Beyond the Legend of the Red Baron.  New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1993.Richthofen, Manfred Freiherr von.  The Red Baron.  Trans. Peter Kilduff. New York: Doubleday Company, 1969.