Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Essay Example

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Paper Not all of these tests were performed on every culture, as some were used only for gram positive or gram active bacteria. The tests performed and what constituted a positive or negative test are as follows: Lab day 1; today in lab we obtained the unknown mixed culture 041 and one brain-heart infusion agar (BAA). The first step was the preparation of the medium, the bottom of the BAA dish was labeled with the bacterium number, initials, and section; then divided into four quadrants. The second step, we used the septic technique to transfer a small amount of culture with a flame-sterilized inoculating loop to the first quadrant, flamed and cooled the loop again then transferred a small amount of the culture from the first truant to the second using the quadrant streaking method as illustrated on page 18 of the lab manual, repeating this process until all four quadrants were properly streaked. Lab day 2; we collected our BAA medium and began by identifying the morphology and cell-to cell arrangements of the colonies. Two different colonies were observed, the first colony was yellow in color and larger in size and the white colored colony was slightly smaller in size. As instructed, each colony was prepared for gram staining, one slide for the large yellow colony and one for the smaller white colony. After properly gram staining the slides as directed in chapter six of the lab manual, the smears were examined under the microscope. We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The findings concluded that the smaller white colony stained purple, signifying that this culture was a gram positive bacterium, with the morphology of grape-like clusters such as staphylococcus. The larger yellow colony stained pink with the morphology of rod shaped bacterium, which indicates this bacterium to be gram negative. To isolate the two unknown microorganisms for further testing, another BAA medium was obtained, the bottom of the dish was vided into two sections and the lawn streaking procedure was performed, as illustrated on page 12 of the lab manual. One side of the BAA medium was inoculated with the gram positive Cisco and the other side with the gram negative unknown bacteria, completing this section of lab by placing the labeled medium into the ICC incubator for 48 hours. Laboratory day 3; a series of tests that were specific to the unknown gram negative and gram positive cultures were performed. Only two tests were necessary for the gram negative bacteria, which included the Underwrote II and the Indolent Dressily test card. Because immediate exults would be obtained from the Dressily test, this experiment was performed first by using a flame-sterilized and cooled inoculating loop to transfer a small growth from the gram negative colony to a clean reaction area of the test card. After 30 seconds, a pink color in this area was observed, indicating a positive result for indolent, the positive result was documented. After properly inoculating the Underwrote II as instructed by our lab instructor, the tube was labeled and placed it in the ICC incubator for 24 hours. There were six different test media that were performed on the gram positive bacteria, starting with the inoculation f the imitation salt agar (MASS) dish, using a flame-sterilized and cooled transfer loop. Two loop transfers of our isolated gram positive bacterium were placed onto the surface of the agar, applying the quadrant streaking technique as illustrated on page 18 of the lab manual, labeled our medium and placed it into the ICC incubator for growth and interpretation. On the sheep blood agar (SABA), the flame-sterilized and cooled loop was used to transfer two loops of the gram positive bacteria to the media. Only one-half of the plate was streaked, the inoculating loop was again and a small portion of the culture from the iris quadrant was used to streak the second quadrant, repeating this step to inoculate the remaining quadrant. Using ethanol-flamed forceps, one Backtracking and one Optician disk were transferred onto the one-half quadrant, spacing the two disks approximately two centimeters apart. In the last step, a flame-sterilized and cooled transfer loop was used to place three stab marks into the second quadrant the SABA media, labeled the dish and placed into the ICC incubator for 48 hours. The Dense dish was spot inoculated by transferring one loop of the gram positive bacteria with the flame-sterilized and cooled inoculating pop to the center of the plate, the media was labeled and placed it into the ICC incubator for growth and future interpretation. The labeled Intercourse fiscals (FEE) broth tube was inoculated as well as the 6. 5%NCAA broth tube by removing the caps from the tubes and placing one loop of gram positive culture into each tube with the flame-sterilized and cooled inoculating loop, mixed the culture in to the broth and replaced the caps. After labeling the bile esculents agar (BEA) slant tube, the cap was removed, one loop of gram positive Cisco was placed into the bottom corner of the slanted agar and the culture was streaked upward, towards the top of the agar, the cap was replaced and all three tubes were placed into the ICC incubator for growth and future analysis. For the final test, two drops of hydrogen peroxide (H2O) were placed on the isolated colony of the BAA medium, observed immediate formation of bubbles, as 02 was produced indicating a positive test for catalane. Final lab day four; the test media were collected for explanation and interpretation, the results are as listed: Gram Negative Intercontinental Dressily test card Positive (+) slide took on a pink color Underwrote II identification system Glucose Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Lysine Positive (+) color changed from yellow to purple Ernestine change HAS Negative (-) no color change Indolent Positive (+) Admonition Negative (-) no color change Negative (-) no color Lactose Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Rabbinate Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Servitor Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Dilution Negative (-) no color change Appalachian- Negative (-) no color change dominate Urea Negative (-) no color change Citrate color change Unknown 041 Gram Negative is Escherichia coli Gram Positive Cisco BAA (color) White BAA(colony size) Small Catalane Positive (+)formation of bubbles observed Dense Negative (-) no visible reaction to HCI N egative (-) no MASS (growth) Positive (+)visible bacterial growth observed MASS(imitation) Positive (+)partial color/pH change from red to yellow SABA(hemolytic) Gamma (y )no homologies produced Backtracking Negative (-) no zone of inhibition Optician Negative (-) no zone of inhibition Bile Esculents Negative (-) no color change FEE Medium Negative (-) no color change 65% NCAA Positive (+)broth appeared cloudy *Unknown 041 Gram Positive Cisco is Staphylococcus epidermises Discussion The identification of the unknown intercontinental 041 was fairly easy. Once the unknown had been identified as gram positive using a gram stain, there were only two tests used to narrow down the microbes identity. Based on the positive indolent test results, the bacteria identification was limited to two possibilities, either Escherichia coli or Protests vulgarism. After carefully interpreting and recording the results from the Underwrote II and completing the customs key, the gram negative unknown was determined to be Escherichia coli. Identifying our gram positive unknown was a little more difficult due to the extent and various media tests that were involved. However, the positive test results observed for catalane, imitation, 6. 5%NCAA and the fact that there were no homologies produced on the sheep-blood agar (SABA), made it evident that the gram positive unknown was Staphylococcus epidermises. Conclusion The determination of the unknown mix culture 041 was achieved by using a variety of differentiation tests.

Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Ken Kesey was both a novelist and a short story writer, and is best known for One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Although many people disagreed with Kesey’s stereotypes toward women and blacks, â€Å"the book is considered a masterpiece of contemporary American literature for its disjointed, colloquial prose style, its tightly constructed plot, and its exposition of modern social ills† (Marowski 223-4). Kesey was inspired to write One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest from his experience at a mental institution. Kesey was both â€Å"captivated and revolted† by the treatment the patients received (Tanner 261-2 ). Kesey discovered in certain cases that the doctors and nurses’ treatments were ironically hurting the patients rather than helping them gain back their sanity. After studying the corrupt culture of mental institutions, Kesey creates a character, Nurse Ratched, to help explain his experience at the hospital. Kesey created the hospital to conf orm the patients rather than to heal them, allowed Kesey to justly portray the grotesque treatments the patients received. Through characterization, symbolism, and use of theme, Kesey portrays his characters through an overbearing matriarchal society. The matriarchal society was headed by Nurse Ratched or better known as â€Å"Big Nurse†. â€Å"Big Nurse is certainly a personification of some negative aspects of our society, and she is just the principal figure among a number of domineering and manipulating females in the novel† (Tanner 261-62). She was the head of the hospital ward, and governed the staff and patients with an overbearing amount of force and intimidation. â€Å"Big Nurse is the ward superintendent and is the ultimate authority demanding obedience and perfect order from everyone† (One). By demanding absolute cooperation from the patients, this control allowed Big Nurse to undermine the men and slowly make their condition worse than it was befo... Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Ken Kesey was both a novelist and a short story writer, and is best known for One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Although many people disagreed with Kesey’s stereotypes toward women and blacks, â€Å"the book is considered a masterpiece of contemporary American literature for its disjointed, colloquial prose style, its tightly constructed plot, and its exposition of modern social ills† (Marowski 223-4). Kesey was inspired to write One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest from his experience at a mental institution. Kesey was both â€Å"captivated and revolted† by the treatment the patients received (Tanner 261-2 ). Kesey discovered in certain cases that the doctors and nurses’ treatments were ironically hurting the patients rather than helping them gain back their sanity. After studying the corrupt culture of mental institutions, Kesey creates a character, Nurse Ratched, to help explain his experience at the hospital. Kesey created the hospital to conf orm the patients rather than to heal them, allowed Kesey to justly portray the grotesque treatments the patients received. Through characterization, symbolism, and use of theme, Kesey portrays his characters through an overbearing matriarchal society. The matriarchal society was headed by Nurse Ratched or better known as â€Å"Big Nurse†. â€Å"Big Nurse is certainly a personification of some negative aspects of our society, and she is just the principal figure among a number of domineering and manipulating females in the novel† (Tanner 261-62). She was the head of the hospital ward, and governed the staff and patients with an overbearing amount of force and intimidation. â€Å"Big Nurse is the ward superintendent and is the ultimate authority demanding obedience and perfect order from everyone† (One). By demanding absolute cooperation from the patients, this control allowed Big Nurse to undermine the men and slowly make their condition worse than it was befo... Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest The story of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest takes place in a mental hospital. The main character is Randall McMurphy; he has led a troublesome life and been in and out of jail. He was put into the asylum because he committed assault and battery. He is a tall man with red hair, and has many tattoos. He is also a very loud and outspoken. McMurphy appears to be normal compared to everybody else but he can not leave until he gets the permission of nurse Ratched. McMurphy likes to gamble and feels he has an advantage over the other characters. He wants to be the main guy at the ward so he asks â€Å"Which one of you claims to be the craziest? Which one is the biggest loony? Who runs the card games?† (p. 22). McMurphy begins to cause problems with nurse Ratched and complains about things. McMurphy try’s to change their schedule so they can watch the World Series and do their work at night. McMurphy gets mad because the other patients will not stand up to the nurse. Bi lly Bibbit tells McMurphy that nothing he is doing will do any good in the future. But McMurphy says he can escape through the tub room by breaking the window. Nurse Ratched says, â€Å"That is exactly what the new patient is planning; to take over. He is what we call a manipulator†¦ a man who will use everything to his own ends†¦ this is an institution for the insane.† (p. 29-34). A man named Cheswick who stood behind McMurphy died shows McMurphy his friends need him. The rest of the patients are attempting to help McMurphy escape but McMurphy wants to leave with permission. Then his plans are set back when he tries to help his friend out who does not want to take a shower. But, a fight breaks out and McMurphy is sent to have Electro-shock therapy. Something went wrong with the therapy and McMurphy comes back brain dead. So his roommate suffocates him with a pillow to put him out of his misery. McMurphy was a man who liked to be in charge and not pushed around. He would ... Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, by Ken Kesey, raises the issue of social morality in that it pits the moral structure of one man against that of the mental institution that is his society. When Randle Patrick McMurphy arrived at the mental institution, he immediately set things on edge by mocking the staff policies and joking with the patients. His gregarious demeanor and cheerful attitude was in marked contrast to a ward full of men who are shy, frightened mice that can hardly chuckle, and who live in constant terror of the Big Nurse and her indirect attacks. Nurse Ratched is a firm believer in structure and she dehumanizes her patients for the sake of her own empowerment. McMurphy believes that they are human and deserving of rights and equal treatment. This fundamental difference in their moral structure is the basis of the conflict between McMurphy and a society represented by the Big Nurse. By deliberately presenting himself as violently insane, R.P. McMurphy got himself out of the prison work farm and into what he thought would be an easy stint in an institution for mental illness. Over the course of his stay in the ward, McMurphy found that the patients were more robot-like than human in their actions and thoughts. The power that controlled them was the â€Å"Big Nurse,† Mrs. Ratched. One of the patients, Chief Bromden even says, â€Å"I see her sit in the center of this web of wires like a watchful robot, tend her network with mechanical insect skill, know every second which wire runs where and just what current to send up to get the results she wants† (pg. 30). The hospital was extremely structured. The patients daily lives were monotonous, they were perceived as brain-dead and were treated as such regardless of their true state of mental health. McMurphy felt that each patient was regarded as a â€Å"lab rat,† in that they were treated with u nnecessary procedures and giv...

Discuss the role of political parties in contemporary democracies Essay

Discuss the role of political parties in contemporary democracies. Assess whether parties have retained their position or are in - Essay Example In this manner citizens have a scope of exercising their ultimate control over the government (Rush 1998). Nature of Democracy The concept of social democracy, as manifested through a social state can be attributed to Tocqueville who was very impressed by the prevailing equality of status, manners, and customs in American society when he visited that country in 1831. He felt the essence of democracy has effectively permeated every strata of American society. This view was also echoed by Bryce who was completely overwhelmed by the egalitarian ethos of American society and felt it represented true democratic setup where each citizen felt they are on equal footing with each other fellow citizen (Bryce 1959). This feeling of equality is the lifeblood of a democratic society where democracy is more a way of life and a part of national psyche. Thus, it might be said that social democracy is an essential prerequisite for political democracy to strike firm roots in a country (Holden 1974). A s a political dispensation, democracy has to channelize and concentrate the wills of millions of citizens through some framework to the hands of the ruling few. This in a sense possibly violates basic democracy that is observed in small integrated communities. But between one-on-one democracy observed in such miniature closely knit groups and large scale democracies, there is a huge gap and it took entire humankind more than two millenniums to partially bridge that gap (Powell 1982). It must be remembered that democracy undergoes a metamorphosis as it traverses the hiatus between the micro and macro and it would be rather unfair to expect all the characteristics of micro democracies to be equally manifested in macro democracies. We can, however, conclude that macro democracies, though far from perfect, are nonetheless target oriented experiments and are not random potshots in the dark or conceived by a one or a small group of individuals who consider them to be more concerned and mo re informed than others (Sartori 1987). The whole issue about relevance of political parties in a democratic dispensation can however be judged with respect to several contexts as these happen to differ widely in their nature and content. Does ascent of O’Donnell signify descent of Republican Party? A case that might be investigated is that of the ascent of Christian O’Donnell. The ascendance of a relative outsider in the conservative echelons of American politics and the gradual emergence of tea party activists who were politically insignificant earlier brings to mind whether conventional political parties are on their way out and also whether American democracy has transcended the well established bounds of an essentially two party democracy. Christine O’Donnell is a vociferous campaigner of what she perceives as Christian moral values and is not known to have any well defined economic or political agenda. Yet such people are not only winning primaries by defe ating established politicians but also getting substantial approval from electorate as is apparent when she could garner nearly 40% of the votes polled. That she eventually lost the election is not that important as the